Macro-Environment Analysis for Industry within Which the Harvey Norman Operates Free Essay Example, 2250 words

The paper tells that macro-environmental analysis is the initial step when conducting a strategic analysis of a company and it is otherwise referred as pest analysis, external analysis or pestle analysis. The main goal of conducting macro-environment analysis is to help in identification of the opportunities and threats within a particular industry which cannot be controlled by the firm. In the macro-environment analysis, the areas of concern include the social-cultural trends of the market and its demographics, technology, political and legal environment, economic conditions and environmental factors. Looking at the social-cultural conditions and the demographics within which Harvey Norman operates points to various factors which continues to work in favor of the entire industry. Firstly, the lifestyle of the people has changed and they now demand more equipment for entertainment which means that the electronics industry must continue offering superior products for the same. Additi onally, various products which were previously a luxury such as computers have become a necessity to the lives of most people. According to Inma and Shelda, presently people are more conscious about the places they live in and they continuously seek to improve their houses and therefore they are constantly demanding for such products. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro-Environment Analysis for Industry within Which the Harvey Norman Operates or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page However, the interest rates are also high which makes acquisition of the needed capital through borrowing more expensive.

Racism In Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird - 1549 Words

In 1930’s Maycomb County, Alabama, ladies were expected to wear pretty dresses and gather with other women in the neighborhood to gossip over tea in the afternoon, men were expected to be hardworking, and not going to church every Sunday marked one as a social outcast. Additionally, the African-American population that lived in Maycomb at this time were expected to live on a separate side of town, attend a separate church, and be exceedingly polite to white people. If one were to not adhere to cultural standards such as these, they would be shamed by the town via gossip. A black person not following the cultural norms set for them by white people was inconceivable, and often led to punishment and torment. In the novel To Kill a†¦show more content†¦In a study carried out two professors of psychology, Gordon Hodson and Michael a. Busseri, they found that â€Å"lower general intelligence in childhood predicts greater racism in adulthood† (Hodson, Busseri, 2012). This does not justify Bob Ewell’s actions in any way shape or form, but it does show the link between poor education, ignorance and racial biases, to give an explanation in why Bob acted like this, and why many uneducated people still act like this. Bob Ewell was by far one of the most extreme racists in the town, but most townspeople in Maycomb strongly favored whites over blacks. There were different ways in which characters demonstrated this bias though, but it was very clear how the town as a whole felt when Atticus accepted the Robinson trial. Atticus was called names, and Jem and Scout were taunted in school for their father’s decision. Many people in the town were very surprised that Atticus would defend an honorable black man over a disgraceful white man. Mrs. Gates, Scout’s third grade teacher, exhibited her implicit bias when she discussed how in America, they â€Å"don’t believe in persecuting anybody,† when teaching about Hitler and the Holocaust, yet Scout witnessed her speaking badly about African-Americans after the trial (Lee, 329). Mrs. Gates said things such as â€Å"they were gettin’ way above themselves† referring to how she believed that the black population, as a w hole, were out of place, and needed to be reminded of their inferiority (Lee,Show MoreRelatedRacism in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird584 Words   |  2 Pagespoliceman approaches the black male, swears and says, â€Å"Get your hands behind your back†. It’s in human nature to have this evil assumption that someone different from them is an immoral being. In this case, white skin to black skin. To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930’s in the small town of Maycomb. A quiet, humble, and respectable black man, Tom Robinson, is accused of raping a white girl, Mayella. No man steps up to defend this man, for blacks were deeply looked downRead MoreRacism, Injustice, and Discrimination in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird800 Words   |  4 PagesRacism, Injustice, and Discrimination in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird According to Shackleford, â€Å"The novel portrays a young girls love for her father and brother and the experience of childhood during the Great Depression in a racist, segregated society, which uses superficial and materialistic values to judge outsiders, including the powerful character Boo Radley† (Shackelford). The main character relates closely with her father because he is the superior role model in her life. Having herRead MoreHeartless Racism in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird512 Words   |  2 PagesHarper Lee communicates the heartless universal racism through her book. Not only are the colored people evaluated from the whites but also the Radleys are part of the white society that was categorized. The Radleys lived inversely from the rest of the Maycomb people. However, just by living in a different style, the people believed that they were unusual people. Even Jeremy labeled Boo Radley as about six-and-a- half feet tall, judging form his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cats heRead MoreRacism, Sexism and Socioeconomic Prejudice in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird828 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different types of prejudice. The three that are most current in the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee are racism, sexism and socioeconomic prejudice. Racism is a big problem in many people’s lives. Throughout history, many groups and cultures have been significantly affected by racism. African Americans are an example of a group of people who have suffered the effects of racism. In 1867 the â€Å"Ku Klux Klan, was founded as a secret organization terrorized the African AmericansRead MoreAnalysis Of Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird 1491 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee’s ​ To Kill a Mockingbird ​ is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although ​ To Kill a Mockingbird​ is regarded as a literary masterpiece in AmericanRead MoreThe South : Controversial Topics On Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird1475 Words   |  6 PagesTopics in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although To Kill a Mockingbird is regardedRead MoreHarper Lee862 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Life of Harper Lee and the Lasting Impact of To Kill A Mockingbird Harper Lee is considered one of America’s most enigmatic and influential writers of the twentieth century. Lee’s popular novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, offers readers deep insight into the dynamics of an unconventional family and Southern lifestyle in the1930s. Harper Lee was born Nelle Harper Lee on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama (Sparknotes.com). According to the author’s official website, Harper Lee was a descendantRead MoreMoral Chaos in Harper Lees Maycomb Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesHarper Lee argues in her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, that the moral obligations of a court are thrown aside in favor of the law that lies in the minds of men. She describes her characters in such a manner that alludes to their inner thoughts. Through practiced repetition, the citizens of Maycomb force the existence of the social inequality that is white supremacy. Whether by following lead or by ignoring the problem altogether, it is the people alone who allow i njustices to occur. In a public appealRead MoreImpact Of Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird910 Words   |  4 PagesIn Harper Lee’s book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Jem , Scout , and Dill live in Maycomb , Alabama around the time of the 1930’s they all were struggling through racism and poor family’s trying to get by. Harper Lee’s first and only novel â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† was published during the civil right movements. In this book Jem, Scout, and Dill tend to have courage and loyalty through life and in their relationship toward one another . Jem and Scout are brother and sister, Dill is a friend of the familyRead MoreEssay on How Harper Lee Was Influenced by The Times 1473 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a classical work that reflects the Civil Rights and Women’s Movement of the 1950’s-1960’s through her depiction of the relationship between blacks and whites and her portrayal of female characters. The 1950’s and the 1960’s was a time of change and evolution. It brought on the Civil Rights Movement. This was a very influential time period were these new ideas were incorporated into everyday life and they became a part of American society. â€Å"[Harper Lee]

Case Study Critique Free Essays

Through the years the news has reported on several cases similar to the Jackson case. Each time this kind of neglect case is brought to light the public often wonders what happened. The most difficult part of this case is that the children were so malnourished they were not even growing at an average rate for children of their age. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now How could this have gone on for so long? With the amount of cases that social workers have it is a wonder that they catch any of these neglect cases. The social services system is bogged down with ark that each social worker carries a heavy case load and, unfortunately, this means that things go unnoticed. I feel that it is entirely possible that the case workers were asking the right questions however; maybe the parents had all of the right answers as well. When there was no food in the refrigerator maybe they simply explained that they needed to go grocery shopping and had not had time yet. A social worker does not have enough time to figure out who is lying and who is not. Although a social workers main concern is the welfare of the children, they also have to ensure that all of their families are seen in a timely manner. Whether we like to believe it or not our social workers may not have the time to ensure that the children in our system are being properly cared for. I do believe that the nine social services workers that spent time in the Jackson home should have been fired. These people had a duty to those children to protect them and I find it hard to believe that nine people were unaware of the circumstances in that home. They are trained to see when something is amiss and they all failed those boys. Justice was served as well as it could be. Am sure the boys will have horrible memories of their time in that home and it will forever haunt them. The amount of money they received probably did not make them feel any better about it but it probably helped them build a better life elsewhere. As for the time that was served in jail by the mother, I do not feel it was long enough. How to cite Case Study Critique, Free Case study samples

Qutb complex free essay sample

The most famous monument situated in the complex is the Qutub Minar; other important constructions in the complex are the Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque, the Ala-l-Darwaza, the Alai Minar and the iron pillar. Twenty-seven previous Jain temples were destroyed and their materials reused to construct the minar and other monuments of the complex. Qutub Minar At 72. 5 metres high, the Qutub Minar is the tallest brick minaret in the world. Qutub Minar is the tallest brick minaret in the world, and an important example of Indo- Islamic Architecture. The Qutub Minar is 72. 5 metres (239 ft) high. The diameter of he base is 14. 3 metres wide while the top floor measures 2. 7 metres in diameter. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with surrounding buildings and monuments. The purpose for building this beautiful monument has been speculated upon, apart from the usual role of a minaret that of calling people for prayer in a mosque- in this case the Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque. Other reasons ascribed to its construction are as a tower of victory, a monument signifying the might of Islam, or a watch tower for defence. Controversy also surrounds the origins for the name of the tower. Many historians believe that the Qutub Minar was named after the first Turkish sultan, Qutb-ud-din Aibak but others contend that it was named in honour of KhwaJa Qutb- ud-din Bakhtiar Kaki, a saint from Baghdad who came to live in India who was greatly venerated by Akbar. Alai Minar The incomplete lai A Minar. Ala ud din KhilJi started building the Alai Minar, which was conceived to be two times higher than Qutub Minar. The construction was abandoned, however, after the completion of the 24. 5 meter high first storey; soon after death of Ala-ud-din. The irst story of the Alai Minar still stands today. Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque Many types of structure still stand in the complex. Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque (Might of Islam) (also known as the Qutb Mosque or the Great Mosque of Delhi) was built by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, founder of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty. The mosque construction started in the 1190s when Aibak was the commander of Muhammad Ghoris garrison occupied Delhi. Expansion of the mosque continued after the death of Qutub. His successor lltutmish extended the original prayer hall screen by three more arches. By the time of lltutmish, the Mamluk empire had stabilized enough that the Sultan could replace most of his conscripted Hindu masons with Muslims. This explains why the arches added under lltutmish are stylistically more Islamic than the ones erected under Qutbs rule. The mosque is in ruins today but indigenous corbelled arches, floral motifs, and geometric patterns can be seen among the Islamic architectural structures. To the west of the Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque is the tomb of lltutmish which was built by the monarch in 1235. Ala-l-Darwaza The Ala-l-Darwaza is a magnificent gateway in the complex. The gateway was built by he first KhilJi sultan of Delhi, Ala ud din KhilJi. The gateway is decorated with inlaid marble decorations, latticed stone screens and showcases the remarkable craftsmanship of the Turkish artisans who worked on it. it is considered to one of the best building built in the sultanat period. with its horse shoe shaped arches it aads a grace to the quwatul islam mosque to which it served as an enternce. Iron pillar of Delhi Inscriptions have survived the test of time on the iron pillar. Translation of the inscription in English. The iron pillar is one of the worlds foremost metallurgical curiosities. The pillar, almost seven metres high and weighing more than six tonnes, was erected by Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375-414 CE), (interpretation based on careful analysis of archer type Gupta gold coins) of the Gupta dynasty that ruled northern India 320- 540. The pillar, with an idol of Garuda at the top, was originally located at a place called Vishnupadagiri (meaning Vishnu-footprint-hill), identified as modern Udayagiri, situated in the close vicinity of Besnagar, Vidisha and Sanchi, towns located about 50 kilometres east of Bhopal, in central India. Vishnupadagiri is located n the Tropic of Cancer and, therefore, was a centre of astronomical studies during the Gupta period. The Iron Pillar served an important astronomical function, in its original site; its early morning shadow tell in the direction ot the toot ot Anantasayain Vishnu (in one of the panels at Udayagiri) only in the time around summer solstice Oune 21). The creation and development of the Udayagiri site appears to have been clearly guided by a highly developed astronomical knowledge. Therefore, the Udayagiri site, in general, and the Iron Pillar location in particular, provide firm vidence for the astronomical knowledge in India around 400 CE. It is the only piece of the Jain temple remaining, which stood there before being destroyed by Qutb-ud- din Aybak to build the Qutub Minar and Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque. Qutub built around it when he constructed the mosque. The pillar bears an inscription which states that it was erected as a flagstaff in honour of the Hindu god, Vishnu, and in the memory of the Gupta King Chandragupta II (375-413). Made up of 98% wrought iron of pure quality, it is 23 feet 8 inches (7. 21 m) high and has a diameter of 16 inches (0. 41 m). Also, it was confirmed that the temperatures required to form such kind of pillars cannot be achieved by combustion of coal. The pillar is a testament to the high level of skill achieved by ancient Indian iron smiths in the extraction and processing of iron. It has attracted the attention of archaeologists and metallurgists as it has withstood corrosion for the last 1600 years, despite harsh weather. Its unusually good corrosion resistance appears to be due to a high phosphorus content, which together with favorable local weather conditions promotes the formation of a solid protective assivation layer of iron oxides and phosphates, rather than the non-protective, cracked rust layer that develops on most ironwork. A fence was erected around the pillar due to the popularity of a tradition that considered good luck if you could stand with your back to the pillar and make your hands meet behind it. ttp:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Qutb_complex FACTS FIGURES Built In 1193 (started) Built By Qutub-ud-din Aibak Location Delhi THE QUTAB COMPLEX The Qutab Minar is identified with Delhi, as the Leaning Tower is associated with the city of Pisa or the Eiffel Tower with Paris. It is not only an important tourist spot in Delhi, it is also an excellent example of early Islamic architecture in India. The area around Qutab Minar has a number of important monuments and together they constitute the Qutab complex. BIRTH OF INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE The Qutab Minar, apart from being a marvel in itself, is also significant for what it represents in the history of Indian culture. In many ways, the Qutab Minar, the first monument of Muslim rule in India, heralded the beginning of a new style of art and architecture that came to be known as the Indo-Islamic style. Indo-Islamic style is neither a local variant of Islamic art, nor a modification of Hindu art; it is an assimilation of both the styles, though not always in an equal degree. It is so because each region in India has its own form of Indo-Islamic architecture, which varies trom place to place, and there is no standardization. On the other hand, Islamic art itself was a composite style, which had various Muslims influences- Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. Rulers from different parts of the Muslim world, who came to India and settled here, brought with them the artistic traditions of their regions. The intermingling of such raditions with local Indian practices resulted in different examples of Indo-Islamic art. In Delhi, Islamic influences dominated while in the Deccan, local styles were more prominent in the buildings. In Bengal, the indigenous practice of using bricks for building was adopted and the monuments were richly decorated with chiseled and molded decorations typical of Hindu temples. This amalgamation of exotic and indigenous architectural styles was possible due to a variety or factors-the Muslim rulers had to use, in most cases, Indian craftsmen and sculptors who were schooled in their own art traditions. Another factor that nadvertently contributed to this fusion of style was that during the early Muslim invasions, mosques were often built out of materials from Hindu and Jain temples and sometimes temples themselves were modified into mosques. Though both the Indian and Islamic styles have their own distinctive features, some common characteristics made fusion and adaptation easy. Both the styles favor ornamentation and buildings of both styles are marked by the presence of an open court encompassed by chambers or colonnades. The Qutab Minar and the other buildings surrounding it are fine examples of the Delhi style of Indo-Islamic art and architecture. Most of these edifices were the first of their kind in India, be they mausoleums, mosques or madrassas (theological colleges). However, there are a number of monuments within the Qutab complex apart from the Qutab Minar: The Quuwat-ul-lslam Mosque was the first mosque to be built in India. Qutub-ud-din Aibak, the founder of the Slave dynasty, used parts of 27 Jain and Hindu temples to build it. Both Indian and Islamic features are present. The mosque is in ruins today, but one can see indigenous corbelled arches, floral motifs, as well as Islamic practices such as squinches (setting arches diagonally to a square to support a ome), calligraphy, and geometric patterns. To the west of the Quuwat-ul-lslam mosque is another remarkable building-the Tomb of lltutmish, which was built by the monarch himself in 1235. This building was definitely a departure from the norm, for the concept of building huge mausoleums was new. The rather plain exterior conceals an interior with many interesting examples of the Indo-Islamic style. There is a fusion of Indian and Islamic decorative motifs-the lotus and the wheel belonging to the former tradition and geometric arabesque patterns and calligraphy from the latter genre. The dome no longer exist as it has collapsed-the corbelled squinches testify to an early amalgamation that went wrong, a flaw that characterizes early Indo-Islamic architecture. Any write-up on the Qutab Minar will be incomplete without mentioning the century Iron Pillar, 7. m high, and 37 cm in diameter, which stands in the courtyard of the Quuwat-ul-lslam mosque. This pillar, with its distinctly Hindu inscriptions from the Gupta period, is said to have been transported here, but its origins remain a mystery. Another mystifying factor is that despite being exposed to the elements, the illar has remained rust-free. According to popular belief, anyone who stands with his back to the pillar and enc ircles it with his arms will have his wish granted.

James Watt Essay Example

James Watt Essay James Watt is one of the most acclaimed personalities in physics. His work became a helpful contribution during the Industrial Revolution, which later became the bedrock of innovation in machineries.He is popularly accredited for his invention of the steam engine. In fact he modified the engine of   Thomas Newcomen to the extent that it became a practical, efficient machine capable of application to a variety of industrial tasks.Watts engine focused on the conversion of heat to mechanical work. It helped improve the understanding on the efficiency of heat engines which led to the development of the field of physics called thermodynamics.(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/James_Watt)James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland on January 19, 1736 to a chandler and joiner. Throughout his life he suffered serious attacks of migraines and toothaches,and at school both his peers and teachers took a poor view of this weakness. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) He was a thin and weakly child. A t grammar school, he fell in love with mathematics, but the recurrent attacks of migraine led him to stop going to school, so he devoted his time working in his fathers workshop instead. Watt felt happy with working in his fathers workshop so much that he did not go back to school.Watt learned carpentry from his father. His father primarily worked in shipbuilding and he taught Watt on how to build ships and crafts. Soon, Watt developed great skill in ship navigation, quadrants, telescopes, and compasses, and by his mid-teens he wanted to become an instrument maker. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)His father was supportive of him. Unfortunately, there was no opportunity for Watt to train in making instruments in Greenock because there were no instrument-makers there, so on advice, Watt went to Glasgow, Scotland in 1754, in an attempt to become an apprentice in instrument making. In Glasgow,   he worked with an optician and worked as an odd-job man for a year. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)In Glasgow , Watt became acquainted with a scientist named Robert Dick. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Robert Dick, a university scientist, was impressed with Watts basic skills and knowledge in instrument making that he advised Watt to further   hone his skills in this trade in London.In London, Watt discovered that he could not get an apprenticeship because   the instrument makers protected their trade by rules of a body known as the Worshipful Company of Clock-makers. The only employment was for fully-trained instrument makers or trainees serving seven-year apprenticeships. Eventually, he was able to secure a position through unusual conditions. John Morgan, an instrument maker in London, set aside the rules and   took him in to be his apprentice on the condition that Watt would be given only a meager salary. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)With John Morgan, Watt learned the skills of instrument-making. John Morgan was   impressed with Wa tt that he agreed to shorten the period of apprenticeship from the required period of seven-years to a period of one year. Watt took the offer in 1755. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Watt worked with vigor and passion. He was so devoted with his goal to be an instument-maker that he spent much of his time working and learning the art of instrument-making. During the period of his apprenticeship with John Morgan, Watt was able to surpass the skills of the official apprentice who was already working there for two years. He was so dedicated with his job that he worked 10 hours a day. After hours, he worked for a small amount of cash because the wage he received as an apprentice was not enough.(Porter, Ogilve, 2000)Watts health deteriorated because he spent long hours working with only a small amount of food. During this time, Britain was at war with France, and the military would force into service any able-bodied men. Watt avoided the streets for this reason and this contributed to the further deterioration of his health. Yet he persevered and was able to finish his apprenticeship until illness forced him to return to Greenock in 1756. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)After recovery, he set up a business as an instrument maker in Glasgow, but found that the other instrument makers shunned his credentials and training. However, the university professors recognized his abilities and encouraged him to work in the university. They agreed for Watt to set up a shop within its grounds and they created the position, â€Å"Mathematical Instrument Maker to the University. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1757, he worked in Glasgow University where he proudly described himself as â€Å"Instrument Maker to Glasgow University. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)It was in this period that he developed the steam engine.During the Industrial Revolution in the years 1760 to 1830,   the economy of most part of Europe chan ged and the progress of developing technology accelerated. Technology was at the core of everything. The period was overflowing with engineers, mechanics, millwrights, and dexterous and imaginative tinkers who spent their time and energy designing better pumps, pulleys, pendulums, and other simple machines. It was at this time that the most famous invention during the Industrial Revolution was invented: the steam engine. (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/James_Watt)The first steam engine prototype was   built by a Frenchman named Denis Papin, but the first useful atmospheric steam engine was built in 1712 by a Cornish mechanic named Thomas Newcomen. Newcomens invention was used in Britain for almost half a century. The machine, however, was noisy and it used too much fuel. (www.us.oup.com/us/pdf/economic.history/industrial.pdf)One day in 1763, Professor John Anderson, a professor in the university, approached James Watt and showed him a lab-scale model of the Newcomen pum p to investigate why the model required so much steam. The model would stall after a few pumps. The machine proved to be temperamental and difficult to operate without air entering the cylinder and destroying the vacuum. He required Watt to repair the engine. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Watt set on to investigate the problem. He discovered that the flaw was due to an undersized boiler that could not provide enough steam to reheat the cylinder after a few strokes. Aside from that, the Newcomen engine was inefficient, slow, and too costly. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)The Newcomen pumps required such vast quantities of steam since they were cooled during every stroke, then reheated. The steam in the cylinder was condensed by a jet of water, thus creating a vacuum that, in turn, was filled during the power stroke by the atmosphere pressing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. On each stroke the cylinder was heated by the steam and cooled by the injected water, t hus absorbing a tremendous amount of heat. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)Watt needed a way to condense the steam without cooling the cylinder. The idea did not come to him overnight, it took him months to arrange his plans and to experiment. However, it was during one of his Sunday afternoon walks when the inspiration got to him. Watt later described the moment of inspiration:I had gone to take a walk on a fine Sabbath afternoon, early in 1765. I had entered the green by the gate at the foot of Charlotte Street and had passed the old washing-house. I was thinking upon the engine at the time, and had gone as far as the herds house, when the idea came into my mind that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder. I then saw that I must get rid of the condensed steam and injection-water if I used a jet as in Newcomens engin e. Two ways of doing this occurred to me. First, the water might be run off by a descending pipe, if an offlet could be got at the depth of thirty-five or thirty-six feet, and any air might be extracted by a small pump. The second was to make the pump large enough to extract both water and air. . . . I had not walked farther than the golf-house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind.   (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Watt was able to solve the problem of the Newcomen engine. He made a separate condenser, with this, he could keep the cylinder hot, and the condenser fairly cold by lagging, thus improving the thermal efficiency of the machine and the economics of its operation. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)He introduced a number of famous improvements to the steam engine until he was able to effectively make a different model, such as a separate condenser, the principle of double-acting expansion, improved gears, and regulators. Watt turned steam power from an at mospheric pump to a true steam engine. (www.us.oup.com/us/pdf/economic.history/industrial.pdf)Watts University friends introduced him to John Roebuck, an industrialist who held leases on coal deposits. Roebuck agreed to back the development of a full-scale engine after he saw the model work. He would finance the development of the engine. Watt developed a full-scale model which Roebuck used in his coal mine. However, the progress in developing the engine was slow because Roebuck did not employ machinists who were competent enough to do the job. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1767, Watt traveled to England to acquire a patent for his engine with his Roebuck. The patent was granted in 1769. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)On his way to Scotland, he met Matthew Boulton. Boulton was a major manufacturer in Birmingham and had the financial capacity to exploit Watts engine. Eventually, Boulton was able to buy out Roebuck and he began manufac turing the engine.   Meanwhile, Watt moved to Birmingham and made his living as a canal surveyor from 1767 and 1774. Although he was successful at this, his health suffered, and so he joined Boulton in his shop. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)From 1775, Boulton and Watt formed a partnership. Boulton manufactured Watts engines   at the Soho Foundry, near Birmingham. Boulton hired highly skilled craftsmen who helped them develop the engine. They called the engine, Boulton-Watt engine.(http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)The engine was then used in mines. The Boulton-Watt engines became a success. Pumps were installed in mines and Watt became busy maintaining business at Cornwall mines.(http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Over the next several years, Watt introduced further improvements on the design until it became more efficient than its predecessor.He developed a double acting engine. At age 45, Watt developed his next great invention.   The invention was the sun and planet gear system. By means of a mechanical linkage known as the parallel motion and an extra set of valves, the engine was made to drive on both the forward and the background strokes of the piston, and the sun and planet gear system permitted the rotative wheel to turn more than once per stroke of the piston This engine was quickly used by cotton and wooden mills. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)He was able to acquire the patents of the double-acting engine and the sun and planet gear system in 1781 and 1782. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)Between 1775 and 1790, Watt made other inventions. He invented an automatic centrifugal governor, which cut off the steam when the engine began to work too quickly and turned it on again when it had slowed sufficiently. He also devised the steam indicator which shows the steam pressure and degree of vacuum within a cylinder. He also invented a way of copying letters and drawings. (htt p://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1782 a sawmill ordered an engine that was to replace 12 horses. In determining the price of his steam engines, Watt rated his engines in horsepower. After many experiments, he concluded that a horsepower was equivalent to 15,000kg/33,000 lb raised through 0.3m/ft each minute. This method of describing the capability of the engine continued until recent years. (http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html)In 1785, Watt was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. During the last decade of the 18th century, the active management of the Soho Works was taken over by Boulton and Watts sons, and in 1800, when the patent rights to the engine expired, Watt retired from the business but he continued designing and constructing copying machines. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)Watt died on August 25, 1819 at the age of 83, leaving the legacy of highly useful machines. His original steam engine of 1765 is now in the Science Musem in London. His n ame has become immortalized as the unit of power; a watt is one joule per second, and one horsepower is equivalent to about 746 watts. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000)

Practice Essay Example

Practice Essay Example Practice Essay Practice Essay Can the frequency of cricket chirps be used to predict the outdoor temperature? According to one of the founding fathers of communications engineering, George Washington Pierce, the answer is yes. During his career, Pierce invented several pieces of technology that earned him patents and a lot of money from companies like RCA and ATT. When he retired, Pierce built a device that allowed him to record the sounds made by various insects near his New Hampshire home. In 1948, he published his research findings in a book titled The Songs of Insects. In this Activity, ou will examine data that Pierce collected on the number of chirps per second of the striped ground cricket and the outdoor temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. You will compose a Word document with the answers to each of the numbered questions below as well as your scatterplot with regression line. Cricket chirps per second Outdoor temperature (OF) 20. 0 88. 6 16. 0 71 . 6 19. 8 93. 3 18. 4 84. 3 17. 1 80. 6 15. 5 75. 2 14. 7 69. 7 82. 0 1 5. 4 69. 4 16. 2 83. 3 15. 0 79. 6 17. 2 82. 6 17. 0 83. 5 14. 4 76. 3 1. Enter the data into your MS Excel spreadsheet. Which is the explanatory variable? 2. Make a well-labeled scatterplot of the data. Describe the direction, form, and strength of the relationship. Are there any outliers? 3. Use MS Excel to find the least- squares regression line for these data. Record the equation, paying attention to precision. [After plotting the scatterplot, position cursor on one data point and right click. Choose Add Trendline, then select linear. Experiment with Chart Layouts to find regression equation. ] 4. Interpret the slope and the y-intercept of the least-squared line in this setting. 5. Use the equation to predict the temperature when there are 15 cricket chirps per second. Determine the value of the Correlation Coefficient. [Remember that the r is the square root of r2] Comment on how well the regression line fits the data. 7. Is it reasonable to use the equation to predict the temperature when there are 25 cricket chirps per second? Explain. 8. Crickets make their chirping sounds by rapidly rubbing their wings together. From Pierces data, we see that outdoor temperature increases as the number of cricket chirps increases. Can we conclude that the increased number of chirps causes the temperature to increase (maybe due to the heat generated from wings rubbing together)? Explain.

Italian Present Perfect Tense - Il Passato Prossimo

Italian Present Perfect Tense - Il Passato Prossimo The passato prossimo- grammatically referred to as the present perfect- expresses a fact or action that happened in the recent past or that occurred long ago but still has ties to the present. It’s a compound tense (tempo composto), which means that you need to use an auxiliary verb  - either â€Å"essere† or â€Å"avere† -   plus a past participle. An example of a past participle would be â€Å"mangiato† for the verb â€Å"mangiare†. If you want to talk about events that happened repeatedly in the past, like going to your Italian lesson every Sunday, or telling a story, you’ll need to use the imperfect tense. Here Are a Few Examples of How the Passato Prossimo  Appears in Italian: Ti ho appena chiamato. - I just called you.Mi sono iscritto/a alluniversit quattro anni fa. - I entered university four years ago.Questa mattina sono uscito/a presto. - This morning I left early.Il Petrarca ha scritto sonetti immortali. - Petrarca wrote enduring sonnets. How to Form the Past Tense In order to form the past tense, there are two main things you need to know. Does the verb you want to use need the auxiliary verb â€Å"essere† or â€Å"avere†?What is the past participle of the verb you want to use? For example, if you wanted to say, â€Å"I went to Rome last summer†, you would need to use the verb â€Å"andare†. The verb â€Å"andare† takes the verb â€Å"essere† as a helper, or auxiliary, verb because it’s a verb that has to do with motion. Then, the past participle of the verb â€Å"andare† is â€Å"andato†. However, when you use the verb â€Å"essere† as an auxiliary verb, the past participle MUST agree in number and gender. Ad esempio: L’estate scorsa sono andato a Roma. - I went to Rome last summer. (masculine, singular)L’estate scorsa sono andata a Roma. - I went to Rome last summer. (feminine, singular)L’estate scorsa mia sorella e mia madre sono andate a Roma. - My sister and mother went to Rome last summer. (feminine, plural)L’estate scorsa siamo andati a Roma. - We went to Rome last summer. (masculine, plural) If you’re using â€Å"avere† as an auxiliary verb, it’s much simpler as the past participle does not have to agree in number and gender (that is, unless you’re using direct object pronouns.) For example, let’s use the sentence, â€Å"I watched that movie†. First, you need to use the verb â€Å"guardare - to watch†. The past participle of â€Å"guardare† is â€Å"guardato†. Then you conjugate your auxiliary verb â€Å"avere† into the first person singular, which is â€Å"ho†. The sentence then becomes, â€Å"Ho guardato quel film†. TIP: If the verb you’re using is reflexive, like â€Å"innamorarsi - to fall in love†, you need to use â€Å"essere† as your auxiliary verb. For example, â€Å"Ci siamo innamorati due anni fa. - We fell in love two years ago.† When to Use Il Passato Prossimo (Present Perfect) Instead of L’Imperfetto (Imperfect) It is notoriously difficult to correctly decide between il passato prossimo and l’imperfetto when you try talking about the past in Italian. While there are some rules for when to choose one or the other, it’s also helpful to know which phrases are typically used with il passato prossimo. The following table lists some adverbial expressions that are often used with the passato prossimo: Common Expressions Used With Il Passato Prossimo ieri yesterday ieri pomeriggio yesterday afternoon ieri sera last night il mese scorso last month laltro giorno the other day stamattina this morning tre giorni fa three days ago